Top 100 Interesting Bugs | Ethical Hacking & Bug Bounty
Top 100 Interesting Bugs | Ethical Hacking and Bug Bounty
Master of Ethical Hacking, Bug Bounty Techniques, and Real-World Exploits
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Bug bounty hunting has emerged as a profitable and exciting field for hackers, ethical hackers, and security researchers. In this industry, security flaws or vulnerabilities are discovered in websites, software, and applications, with the goal of strengthening security systems. Companies like Google, Facebook, and Apple reward hackers for finding these bugs before malicious actors do. Ethical hackers not only earn significant rewards but also contribute to global cybersecurity by identifying critical security issues.
This guide provides an overview of the top 100 most interesting bugs found by ethical hackers in bug bounty programs, along with a description of each type, why they're significant, and how they can be exploited.
1. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
XSS attacks allow attackers to inject client-side scripts into web pages viewed by other users. This can lead to data theft, account compromise, or malicious redirects.
2. SQL Injection (SQLi)
SQL injections allow attackers to interact with a web application's database directly by potentially inserting malicious SQL queries, leading to data breaches or unauthorized access.
3. Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)
CSRF tricks a victim into performing actions on a web application without their knowledge. It exploits trust in the user's browser and can lead to unauthorized transactions or privilege escalations.
4. Broken Authentication
This vulnerability occurs when an application's authentication mechanisms are poorly implemented, leading to account takeovers or unauthorized access.
5. Sensitive Data Exposure
Sensitive data exposure occurs when applications fail to protect confidential data, such as passwords, credit card information, or personal identification, through encryption or other methods.
6. Insecure Deserialization
Insecure deserialization bugs allow attackers to manipulate serialized objects to execute arbitrary code, leading to data tampering or privilege escalation.
7. Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
SSRF vulnerabilities allow attackers to make requests from a server to unintended locations, leading to exposure of internal systems or unauthorized access to resources.
8. Remote Code Execution (RCE)
RCE occurs when an attacker can execute arbitrary code on a server or application, often leading to full system compromise.
9. Privilege Escalation
Privilege escalation allows attackers to gain unauthorized access to higher-level privileges, leading to more extensive control over a system or network.
10. IDOR (Insecure Direct Object Reference)
IDOR occurs when an application allows direct access to objects based on user input without proper access control. This can lead to unauthorized access to data.
11. Command Injection
This bug enables an attacker to execute arbitrary system commands on a server by manipulating user input in a vulnerable application.
12. Path Traversal
Path traversal bugs occur when an application allows unauthorized access to restricted directories by manipulating file paths, potentially exposing sensitive files.
13. Buffer Overflow
Buffer overflows occur when an application writes more data to a buffer than it can hold, leading to crashes or arbitrary code execution.
14. Information Disclosure
This vulnerability occurs when an application reveals sensitive information such as API keys, system configurations, or error messages that can aid attackers.
15. Open Redirect
An open redirect occurs when an application redirects a user to an unintended website, allowing attackers to perform phishing attacks or steal credentials.
16. Session Fixation
In session fixation attacks, an attacker sets or hijacks a valid user's session ID, allowing them to perform unauthorized actions.
17. Misconfigured Security Headers
Misconfigured or missing security headers, such as Content Security Policy (CSP) or HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS), can leave an application vulnerable to various attacks.
18. Clickjacking
Clickjacking tricks users into clicking hidden elements on a webpage, often leading to unintended actions like changing settings or confirming a purchase.
19. Subdomain Takeover
This occurs when a subdomain of a legitimate site is not properly configured, allowing attackers to take control of it and launch phishing attacks or spread malware.
20. OAuth Misconfiguration
OAuth misconfiguration can lead to unauthorized access to user accounts by misusing access tokens or failing to secure them properly.
21. Host Header Injection
By manipulating the host header, attackers can bypass access control mechanisms or conduct phishing attacks by altering the target host in requests.
22. XML External Entity (XXE)
XXE vulnerabilities allow attackers to include external entities in XML data processing, potentially leading to data exposure or remote code execution.
23. Unrestricted File Upload
Allowing unrestricted file uploads without proper validation can result in attackers uploading malicious files that lead to RCE or data theft.
24. Improper Certificate Validation
Applications that do not properly validate SSL/TLS certificates are vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks, where attackers can intercept or manipulate data in transit.
25. Password Reset Token Leakage
Weak password reset mechanisms can leak sensitive tokens, enabling attackers to reset passwords and take over accounts.
26. Hardcoded Credentials
Hardcoded credentials found in code repositories or application binaries can give attackers easy access to systems.
27. Weak Session Tokens
Weak or predictable session tokens can be guessed or stolen, allowing attackers to hijack user sessions.
28. Business Logic Flaws
Business logic vulnerabilities arise when an application's core functionality can be manipulated in unintended ways, leading to financial losses or data manipulation.
29. Deserialization Attacks
By exploiting vulnerabilities in how data is serialized and deserialized, attackers can manipulate data structures, causing unexpected behavior or code execution.
30. Improper Input Validation
Applications that do not properly validate input are prone to injection attacks, such as SQLi or XSS, where attackers can manipulate data.
31. Race Conditions
A race condition occurs when multiple processes access shared resources concurrently, leading to unintended behavior like data corruption or privilege escalation.
32. Improper Access Control
Weak access control measures allow attackers to gain access to restricted resources, leading to data breaches or privilege escalation.
33. Weak Password Policies
Applications that allow weak passwords or do not enforce strong password policies are more vulnerable to brute-force attacks.
34. Brute-Force Vulnerability
Lack of proper rate-limiting allows attackers to use brute-force methods to guess passwords or session tokens.
35. Improper Error Handling
Detailed error messages can provide attackers with valuable information about an application's structure, such as database details or system configurations.
36. API Rate-Limiting Bypass
If an API lacks proper rate-limiting, attackers can perform brute-force attacks or overuse resources, leading to denial of service or unauthorized access.
37. Improperly Configured File Permissions
Weak file permissions allow attackers to access or modify sensitive files, leading to data theft or system compromise.
38. Backup File Disclosure
When backup files are not properly protected, attackers can gain access to old versions of code or sensitive data.
39. Improper Resource Shutdown
Failure to properly shut down resources like database connections or file handles can lead to denial-of-service attacks.
40. DNS Rebinding
DNS rebinding attacks allow attackers to bypass the same-origin policy and potentially interact with internal networks or servers, gaining unauthorized access.
41. Weak Cryptography
Using outdated or weak cryptographic algorithms, such as MD5 or SHA-1, can allow attackers to crack encryption and steal sensitive data.
42. Click-Through Vulnerabilities
Attackers can trick users into clicking through warnings or consent prompts, potentially leading to unintentional actions or account compromise.
43. Directory Indexing Enabled
If directory indexing is enabled, attackers can list the contents of directories, gaining access to sensitive files.
44. Unsecured Cloud Storage
Misconfigured cloud storage, such as Amazon S3 buckets, can lead to sensitive data exposure or unauthorized access.
45. HTTP Parameter Pollution
In an HTTP Parameter Pollution (HPP) attack, multiple parameters with the same name are sent, leading to unexpected behavior in the backend logic.
(Continuation of bugs 46-100 in the next section...)
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